Países / Bahamas

Derecho de autor e inteligencia artificial en Bahamas

Bahamas: parcial. La ley vigente define expresamente la obra generada por computadora como una obra sin autor humano y fija un plazo especial, pero no atribuye en general la autoría al organizador ni resuelve por sí sola categoría, originalidad, conexión territorial o primer titular. La expresión humana asistida sólo es defendible en la medida identificable y separable. Existe registro voluntario y examinado, pero no se verificó un acto individual GenAI.

Investigación abierta. Corte general del Atlas: 31 de agosto de 2026. Cobertura no significa revisión completa ni vigencia certificada.

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Marco y alcance

Autonomous output has a textual but incomplete route. It must first be a fixed work in an enumerated category, not merely an idea, system or result. If no human formed the expression, it matches the s. 2 definition of computer-generated work and s. 11(6) contemplates copyright, but the Act supplies no general arranger-author rule and leaves author/first-owner allocation unresolved outside specific work-made-for-hire, maker or other fact patterns. Qualification is a separate gate. An unpublished work ordinarily depends on a qualified author, which is difficult to apply when the statutory category is expressly without human author. A published work may have a route through first publication in The Bahamas, a Universal Copyright Convention country or Berne protection. This tension prevents a blanket yes or no and requires output-specific territorial facts. Originality is not proved by novelty, randomness, aesthetic merit, prompt length or account ownership. The claimant should connect actual human decisions to perceptible expression or, for a fully autonomous claim, explain how the Act's original-work language is satisfied despite the no-human-author definition. No Bahamian authority supplies a GenAI originality threshold. Assisted works require decomposition. Human-written text or code, original drawing, edits, selection, coordination, arrangement and transformation can be claimed only to the extent identifiable and original; s. 7(4) prevents the human contribution or compilation from swallowing pre-existing or generated material. Prompting and curation may be evidence, but neither is per se authorship of every output. Software must be separated into the computer program as a literary work, generated code, human-authored code and any compilation/derivative architecture. The program category does not create an exception to authorship, fixation, originality, qualification or ownership rules. Film, sound and performance layers cannot be used as a shortcut. The person arranging a motion picture or first fixation of sounds may be the statutory maker, a sound recording protects actual sounds fixed, and performers/recording-right holders have independent rights. Those rights do not prove copyright in underlying autonomous lyrics, music, script or images; PRS confirms simultaneous separate layers. Registration has an evidentiary effect but is not constitutive. A sealed certificate with an early filing can be prima facie evidence, yet it does not show that AI was disclosed because the form has no AI field. A valid grant claim therefore requires the certificate, deposit/application, correspondence, exact work, title, claimant, author entries, contribution disclosures, examination history and chain of title. Negative evidence is bounded. Online searches found no individual GenAI grant or denial, but s. 99 provides an official paid search and public inspection route. The next gate is an output/title/applicant-specific request or certified search report, not an unsupported zero. Evidence quality is high for statutory text and commencement, high for the two reported appellate holdings, medium for registry availability and zero-result coverage because public online catalogues are incomplete, and low for any prediction about a modern GenAI output without a national decision or administrative file. Defenses include lack of eligible category, fixation, originality, qualified connection, author or owner; false attribution; unproved work-made-for-hire facts; insufficiently separable human contribution; copying/unlawful pre-existing material; mismatch between certificate and litigated version; and confusion of an underlying work with a recording, film, broadcast or performance right. Atomic exclusions: this issue does not decide training-data infringement, fair dealing, privacy/personality/deepfake law, passing off, trade marks, patents, industrial designs, contractual platform rights, collective-management repertories, ISBN, legal deposit or provenance services. None is an individualized copyright grant for the output.

Limitaciones documentadas

No published Bahamian judicial or administrative merits decision applies the 2024 computer-generated-work provisions to modern generative AI. No enacted general rule was located identifying who is author or first owner of a computer-generated work outside work-made-for-hire, maker or other specific facts; the interaction of ss. 2, 6–8, 11 and 20 is unsettled. No national authority was located defining originality, sufficient human control, prompting, iteration, curation, inpainting, editing or selection thresholds for GenAI outputs. No public online catalogue of individual copyright registrations was located; s. 99 on-site/paid search and non-digitized or legacy records were not exhausted by web research. No individual GenAI registration application, deposit, certificate, written refusal, reasoned examination, judicial challenge or appeal was located; AI may also be undisclosed in generic forms. Darling v Attorney General remained pending on its merits at the cutoff; the complete body of the reported 16 February 2022 summary-judgment refusal was not located. The underlying judgment and decision date in Performing Right Society Ltd v Barbary Beach Development Ltd t/a Viva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort, 2014/CLE/gen/FP/00219, were not located; only its procedural result is reported in another national primary judgment. The two verified appellate criteria interpret the former Copyright Act and are used only for continuing layer/separability principles; neither is an AI holding under the 2024 Act. The current institutional contact and migration from the Registrar General's Office to the standalone Intellectual Property Office are not fully exposed in a public copyright-service portal. WCT, WPPT and Rome had been acceded to but were not yet in force at the cutoff; their post-cutoff effect must be rechecked for later advice. Training, input infringement, fair dealing, privacy, personality/deepfakes, trade marks, patents, industrial designs, competition, contract and collective-management issues require separate analysis.

Registro y actos documentados

Estado
none_located
Resumen
The Bahamas does have an official copyright-registration system. The Registrar examines copyrightability and legal/formal compliance, issues a sealed certificate when satisfied, and gives written reasons for refusal. Registration is voluntary and evidentiary: it does not create copyright by itself, and a certificate only proves what the statute assigns it. Deposit under s. 36, a deposit receipt, ISBN, notice, private timestamp, trademark, patent, industrial design, company filing, collective-management listing or generic form is not an individualized copyright grant for an AI output.
Actos documentados

    Casos nacionales

    Performing Right Society Limited v Galleria Cinemas Limited

    Nombre
    Performing Right Society Limited v Galleria Cinemas Limited
    Cita
    SCCivApp No. 198 of 2016
    Tribunal
    Court of Appeal of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas
    Instancia
    national court of appeal
    Fechas
    Decisión
    2018-03-15
    Audiencia
    2018-01-22
    Estado
    resolved-appellate-merits
    Resultado
    Appeal allowed; Winder J's answer to the preliminary issue reversed; costs to PRS. The parties represented that the certified issue was dispositive, although the Court noted other contractual or factual questions could otherwise remain.
    Resumen
    A musical work and the sound recording or motion picture embodying it remain distinct works; incorporation does not extinguish the underlying musical-work right.
    Antecedentes
    PRS administered a repertoire of musical works for members and affiliated societies. Galleria operated a cineplex and publicly exhibited films containing that music without the licence PRS alleged was required.
    Historia procesal
    On 28 July 2016 Winder J answered a certified preliminary question against PRS, treating the protected interest as exhausted in the physical manifestation embodied in a film. PRS appealed on 9 August 2016; the appeal was heard on 22 January 2018.
    Cuestión jurídica
    Whether incorporation of a musical work into a sound recording or motion picture extinguished the separate public-performance right in the musical work.
    Criterio
    A musical work and the sound recording or motion picture embodying it remain distinct works; incorporation does not extinguish the underlying musical-work right.
    Fundamento decisivo
    A musical work remains a distinct protected object after incorporation into a sound recording or motion picture; the statutory public-performance right in the underlying music is not exhausted merely by that embodiment.
    Límites
    Former-act, non-AI authority. It does not decide originality, authorship, ownership or registration of generated music, voices, images or scripts; it supports only layer separation.
    Relevancia
    doctrina-general
    Referencias relacionadas
      Peso del precedente
      Binding Court of Appeal disposition within its statutory and factual scope. Integración/votación: Evans JA (Actg), Crane-Scott JA and Jones JA; unanimous judgment with express concurrences. unanimous three-judge panel; Evans JA (Actg) delivered the judgment; Crane-Scott JA and Jones JA expressly agreed
      Fuente
      Referencia
      Performing Right Society Limited v Galleria Cinemas Limited
      Enlace
      Consultar fuente
      Autoridad
      Court of Appeal of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas
      Tipo
      official_full_appellate_judgment
      Tipo de evidencia
      official_full_appellate_judgment
      Localizador
      pp. 1, 10–14 and 22–23; complete official judgment read
      Verificación documentada

      Gold Rock Corporation Limited and another v Nylund Hylton

      Nombre
      Gold Rock Corporation Limited and another v Nylund Hylton
      Cita
      [2015] UKPC 17; JCPC 2013/0031
      Tribunal
      Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from The Bahamas
      Instancia
      final appellate court for The Bahamas
      Fechas
      Decisión
      2015-04-20
      Audiencia
      2015-03-09
      Estado
      resolved-final-appellate-merits
      Resultado
      Appeal allowed and Gray-Evans J's judgment restored: damages to be assessed by the Registrar; injunction against reproducing the plans and making forms/tanks reproducing them; delivery up of HC8 and LAD5; and the trial order that Hylton pay fifty percent of the plaintiffs' costs. The Board invited costs submissions if the parties could not agree the appeal costs.
      Resumen
      Copyright protected the technical drawing itself, not the septic tank or manufacturing technique described; direct copying and authorization were established.
      Antecedentes
      Gold Rock used Del Zotto's technical drawing LAD5 for a 950-gallon septic tank. Former employee Nylund Hylton had access, photographed and sketched the work, and was linked to a later drawing HC8 containing matching dimensions and errors used by Hylton's Concrete.
      Historia procesal
      Gray-Evans J heard evidence in December 2010 and May–June 2011 and on 20 January 2012 found copying of the drawing, authorized by Hylton, while rejecting proof that the tank or mould was protected or copied. The Court of Appeal reversed on the useful-article provision. The Privy Council heard the appeal on 9 March 2015.
      Cuestión jurídica
      Whether copyright in a technical drawing of a useful article was excluded by the former Act's useful-article provision, and whether copying and authorization were proved.
      Criterio
      Copyright protected the technical drawing itself, not the septic tank or manufacturing technique described; direct copying and authorization were established.
      Fundamento decisivo
      The former useful-article provision did not strip copyright from the technical drawing itself; protection of that expression remained distinct from protection of the useful tank or manufacturing method, and the factual record established direct copying and authorization.
      Límites
      Human-made drawing under the repealed Act. Its current relevance is the analogous separability text in ss. 2(3) and 80 of the 2024 Act; it does not decide prompt authorship, generated expression or registration.
      Relevancia
      doctrina-general
      Referencias relacionadas
        Peso del precedente
        Final appellate disposition binding for The Bahamas within its statutory and factual scope. Integración/votación: Lord Mance, Lord Wilson, Lord Sumption, Lord Carnwath and Sir Kim Lewison; unanimous Board, judgment by Sir Kim Lewison. unanimous five-member Board: Lord Mance, Lord Wilson, Lord Sumption, Lord Carnwath and Sir Kim Lewison; judgment delivered by Sir Kim Lewison
        Fuente
        Referencia
        Gold Rock Corporation Limited and another v Nylund Hylton
        Enlace
        Consultar fuente
        Autoridad
        Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from The Bahamas
        Tipo
        official_full_final_appellate_judgment
        Tipo de evidencia
        official_full_final_appellate_judgment
        Localizador
        paras. 1, 3–16 and 20; complete official judgment read
        Verificación documentada

        Procedimientos conocidos

        James Alexander Darling v Attorney General

        Nombre
        James Alexander Darling v Attorney General
        Cita
        2020/CLE/gen/00363
        Tribunal
        Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Common Law and Equity Division
        Instancia
        national first-instance court — procedural rulings
        Fechas
        Presentación
        2020-03-10
        Reportado
        2026-04-27
        last document
        2026-04-27
        Estado
        pendiente
        Resultado
        Merits pending; no adjudicated copyright victory, denial or remedy.
        Resumen
        The published rulings leave subsistence, authenticity, similarity, copying, limitation and Crown liability for trial. The Crown's assertion that no enforceable copyright exists remains a pleaded defence, not a merits holding.
        Antecedentes
        James Alexander Darling alleges he designed a game board titled FUN IN THE BAHAMAS in January 1964 at age ten, later deposited material under Certificate of Deposit No. 105 in 1988, and that the Government used the same design and colours for the national flag from 1973. He claims approximately $328.5 million and seeks injunction, attribution, delivery up, damages or an account and related relief.
        Historia procesal
        Writ filed 10 March 2020. The 3 March 2021 ruling refused a limitation strike-out. A 16 February 2022 summary-judgment refusal is reported in later rulings, but its separate body was not located. On 24 November 2023 the court rejected a renewed Crown Proceedings Act strike-out and required a clearer defence. On 27 April 2026 it struck only paragraph 24, permitted pleading cures and amendments, and directed case management. No merits judgment was located by the cutoff.
        Cuestión jurídica
        Whether pleadings should be struck, judgment entered without trial, or amendments permitted; not whether copyright subsists or the flag infringes.
        Criterio
        The published rulings leave subsistence, authenticity, similarity, copying, limitation and Crown liability for trial. The Crown's assertion that no enforceable copyright exists remains a pleaded defence, not a merits holding.
        Fundamento decisivo
        The pleadings disclosed factual issues unsuitable for final determination on strike-out; this procedural conclusion does not establish copyright validity, ownership, copying or liability.
        Límites
        No AI facts, adjudicated originality or authorship, proven registration effect, or finding that the national flag infringes. The separate 16 February 2022 ruling remains reported but not independently recovered.
        Relevancia
        procedimiento-pendiente
        Referencias relacionadas
          Peso del precedente
          First-instance procedural line with merits expressly unresolved. Integración/votación: Cooper-Burnside Ag J (2021), Brathwaite J (2023) and Fitzcharles J (2026); separate single-judge rulings. Single-judge rulings; no panel vote.
          Fuente
          Referencia
          James Alexander Darling v Attorney General
          Enlace
          Consultar fuente
          Autoridad
          Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Common Law and Equity Division
          Tipo
          official_full_procedural_rulings
          Tipo de evidencia
          official_full_procedural_rulings
          Localizador
          2021 pp. 1–9; 2023 paras. 1–59 and orders; 2026 paras. 1–49 and orders
          Verificación documentada

          Autoridades reportadas

          Performing Right Society Ltd v Barbary Beach Development Ltd t/a Viva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort

          Nombre
          Performing Right Society Ltd v Barbary Beach Development Ltd t/a Viva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort
          Cita
          2014/CLE/gen/FP/00219
          Tribunal
          Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas
          Fechas
          Reportado
          2018-02-09
          Verificación documentada
          2026-08-31
          Referencias relacionadas
            Estado
            reporte-no-validado-como-resolucion
            Antecedentes
            The reported underlying dispute involved PRS and Barbary Beach Development Ltd trading as Viva Wyndham Fortuna Beach Resort over alleged copyright infringements. The works, performances, licences and evidence are not reproduced in the located source.
            Historia procesal
            Lillian McPhee v Warren Stuart cites Barbary Beach as an example in which uncontroverted affidavit evidence led to strike-out, summary judgment, injunctive relief and full costs. Darling 2023 also uses it as a pleading comparison. The underlying judgment was not located.
            Criterio reportado
            A later national judgment reports that the defence was struck and PRS received summary judgment, an injunction and full costs; the underlying ratio cannot be verified from the reporting judgment.
            Límites
            The underlying decision date, full reasons and evidentiary record remain unverified. The 2018-02-09 date belongs to the reporting McPhee costs judgment, not the Barbary disposition. This report cannot support an AI-authorship proposition or be counted as a verified merits case.
            Fuente
            Enlace
            Consultar fuente
            Localizador
            paras. 10–12
            Verificación documentada
            No
            Tipo de evidencia
            primary_judicial_report_only

            Referencias extranjeras comparadas

            No hay entradas en esta colección del Atlas. Esto no demuestra que no existan casos.

            Referencias de contexto

            No hay entradas en esta colección del Atlas. Esto no demuestra que no existan casos.

            Doctrina supranacional

            No hay entradas en esta colección del Atlas. Esto no demuestra que no existan casos.

            Fuentes de la ficha

            Alcance de la confianza documental

            high on the law in force, the express computer-generated-work provisions, the registry architecture and the absence of an arranger-author rule in the enacted text; medium on GenAI outcomes because no Bahamian merits decision, administrative guidance or individualized GenAI registration record was located

            Regla sobre obras generadas por computadora

            cgw
            Disposición
            Copyright Act 2024 (No. 46 of 2024), ss. 2(1), 11(6), 12(7)(a) y 13(3)(a)
            effective
            2025-02-01
            Alcance
            La ley define computer-generated work como una obra generada por computadora sin autor humano, le fija setenta años desde el fin del año de creación y la excluye de derechos morales específicos. No contiene una regla general que atribuya autoría a quien realizó los arreglos ni resuelve por sí sola primer titular, categoría, fijación, originalidad o conexión territorial. Es una regla CGW expresa pero incompleta, no una concesión automática para un output GenAI.
            Fuente
            Referencia
            Copyright Act 2024 (No. 46 of 2024)
            Enlace
            Consultar fuente
            Autoridad
            Government of The Bahamas, Official Gazette
            Tipo
            legislación nacional primaria
            Localizador
            s. 2(1), definición de computer-generated work; s. 11(6), plazo; ss. 12(7)(a) y 13(3)(a), exclusiones morales
            Verificación documentada
            commencement source
            Referencia
            Copyright Act, 2024 (Appointed Day) Notice, 2025, S.I. No. 2 of 2025
            Enlace
            Consultar fuente
            Autoridad
            Government of The Bahamas, Official Gazette
            Tipo
            aviso nacional de entrada en vigor
            Localizador
            cláusula operativa: 1 February 2025; notice made 20 January 2025
            Verificación documentada

            Cronología documentada

            Enlaces a expedientes individuales